Sonic the Hedgehog series

Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ, Sonikku za Hejjihoggu) is a renowned Japanese video game franchise developed and owned by Sega. Created primarily by the company’s Japanese team, including Yuji Naka, Naoto Ohshima, and Hirokazu Yasuhara, the franchise was designed to compete in the video game market, particularly with Nintendo’s iconic mascot, Mario. The core games in the series are platformers, mostly developed by Sonic Team, while spin-offs, typically outsourced to other studios, span a variety of genres. The franchise also includes printed media, animated series, films, and an extensive range of merchandise.

The series began in 1991 with the release of Sonic the Hedgehog for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, which provided Sega with its own mascot to rival Mario. The game's success propelled Sega to prominence as a leading video game company in the early 1990s. The subsequent mainline games were developed by the Sega Technical Institute, and several spin-offs were released for the Sega Master System and Game Gear. After a hiatus during the Sega Saturn era, the franchise transitioned into 3D with Sonic Adventure, released in 1998. In 2001, Sega ceased its console production and shifted to third-party development, continuing the series on Nintendo, Xbox, and PlayStation consoles.

The Sonic the Hedgehog series follows the adventures of Sonic, an anthropomorphic blue hedgehog with the remarkable ability to run at superhuman speeds, and his acrobatic spinning attacks. He constantly battles his arch-nemesis, Doctor Eggman, a mad scientist who seeks to take over the world and impose a tech-dominated reality. His schemes often involve the Chaos Emeralds, seven mystical gemstones of limitless power. When combined, the Chaos Emeralds can transform living beings or machines, granting them incredible abilities, including Sonic’s “super transformation,” which allows him to defeat his enemies. The series blends elements of fantasy and science fiction, portraying Sonic as a free-spirited traveler and Eggman as a power-hungry conqueror.

In addition to Sonic, the series features a rich cast of characters, including his loyal sidekick Miles "Tails" Prower, rivals like Knuckles the Echidna and Shadow the Hedgehog, his friend and self-proclaimed girlfriend Amy Rose, and his robotic counterpart Metal Sonic.

Sonic the Hedgehog is Sega’s flagship series and one of the most successful video game franchises in history, with total sales and mobile game downloads surpassing 1.51 billion units by 2022. The original Sonic games are critically acclaimed and frequently listed among the greatest video games of all time. Despite mixed reception to later titles, such as Shadow the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog (2006), and Sonic and the Secret Rings, the franchise remains influential in the video game industry and continues to make an impact on popular culture.

Logos

Logo	Years
	1991 (US)
	1991–1997 (JP)
	1992-1997 (US)
	1998–present
	2001-2004
	2005-2007
	2008–present

Overview

Promotional artwork of Sonic Generations with the series' namesake, Sonic, in his "Modern" (left) and "Classic" (right) designs.

The Sonic the Hedgehog series primarily revolves around the conflicts between its titular hero, Sonic the Hedgehog, and his arch-nemesis, Dr. Ivo Robotnik, commonly known as "Dr. Eggman". Sonic is a blue hedgehog renowned for his carefree, cool demeanor and his ability to run at supersonic speeds, as well as his signature move of curling into a ball to attack foes [article needed]. Dr. Eggman, on the other hand, is a human mad scientist with an IQ of 300, intent on conquering the world to establish his "Eggman Empire" (or "Eggmanland"), where nature is replaced entirely by machinery.

Rooted in the environmental concerns of the 1990s, the series juxtaposes Sonic, representing "nature," against Eggman, symbolizing "machinery" and "development" [article needed]. This thematic underpinning echoes debates between environmental preservation and industrial progress, making it a key narrative driver of the franchise [article needed].

Central to the series are the Chaos Emeralds, seven mystical gemstones of boundless power [article needed]. The Emeralds can manifest thoughts into power, enabling phenomena like Chaos Control, which manipulates time and space [article needed]. They can also enhance living beings, power machines, and serve as catalysts for destructive devices. Collecting all seven Emeralds allows for a "Super transformation," granting virtual invincibility, enhanced abilities, and immense power [article needed]. These attributes often make the Chaos Emeralds a focal point of Eggman's schemes.

The franchise features an extensive cast of characters introduced across its titles. Key figures include:

• Miles "Tails" Prower: A mechanical prodigy and Sonic's loyal best friend, first appearing in Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (1992).
• Amy Rose: Introduced in Sonic CD (1993), this pink hedgehog wields her Piko Piko Hammer and has an unrequited love for Sonic.
• Metal Sonic: A robotic counterpart to Sonic created by Eggman, debuting in Sonic CD.
• Knuckles the Echidna: Guardian of the Master Emerald on Angel Island, introduced in Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (1993). The Master Emerald controls the Chaos Emeralds' power [article needed].
• Team Chaotix: Introduced in Knuckles' Chaotix (1995), this detective trio includes Vector the Crocodile, Espio the Chameleon, and Charmy Bee.

In transitioning to 3D with Sonic Adventure (1998), the character designs underwent significant changes, featuring sleeker proportions and colored eyes. These updates were retroactively labeled as "Modern" designs, contrasting with the original "Classic" styles [article needed].

Subsequent entries expanded the cast, introducing notable characters such as:

• Shadow the Hedgehog: The "Ultimate Life Form" created by Gerald Robotnik, Eggman's grandfather.
• Rouge the Bat: A treasure hunter and spy working for the United Federation and G.U.N. [article needed].
• Cream the Rabbit: A kind-hearted girl with her Chao companion, Cheese.
• Blaze the Cat: A pyrokinetic princess from the Sol Dimension, guardian of the Sol Emeralds [article needed].
• Silver the Hedgehog: A psychokinetic hedgehog from a dystopian future [article needed].
• The Babylon Rogues: A group of Extreme Gear pilots comprising Jet the Hawk, Wave the Swallow, and Storm the Albatross.
• Infinite: A mercenary wielding the power of the Phantom Ruby [article needed].
• Sage: An artificial intelligence created by Eggman, who refers to him as her father.

Many of these characters have starred in spin-off titles, contributing to the series' enduring legacy.